>> Article: "Involvement of lactate and pyruvate in the anti-inflammatory effects exerted by voluntary activation of the sympathetic nervous system." Metabolites 2020.

Authors: Zwaag J, Ter Horst R, Blaženović I, Stoessel D, Ratter J, Worseck JM, Schauer N, Stienstra R , Netea MG, Jahn D, Pickkers P, Kox M. This research extends the study published in 2014 of the effect of the WHM on our sympathetic nervous system and the innate immune response. It was demonstrated that the sympathetic nervous system can be voluntarily activated following the WHM. This study assessed whether the WHM affects the plasma metabolome and if these changes are linked to the observed immunomodulatory effects. The present study demonstrated that practitioners in the WHM had higher plasma concentrations of lactate and pyruvate (among others). This points towards increased activation of the Cori cycle. The study believes that within the trained group, lactate and pyruvate in part contributed to the increase in anti-inflammatory IL-10 and lower pro-inflammatory IL-1beta, IL-6 and TNF alpha. Lactate and pyruvate in high enough amounts have been shown to cause an anti-inflammatory response from our immune system. As it turns out, our metabolism does affect the immune system. The method causes a shift in metabolism which partly contributes to an anti-inflammatory response.

>> Article: “Brain over body”–A study on the willful regulation of autonomic function during cold exposure

Authors: O. Muzik, K. Reilly, V. Diwadkar - Wayne State University School of Medicine Summary: In this paper, a brain imaging study was conducted to measure the relative contributions of the brain and the periphery that endow the Iceman to withstand the cold using his Wim Hof Method techniques. The results provide compelling evidence for the primacy of the brain (CNS) rather than the body (peripheral mechanisms) in mediating the Iceman's responses to cold exposure. They also suggest the compelling possibility that the WHM might allow practitioners to develop higher level of control over key components of the autonomous system, with implications for lifestyle interventions that might ameliorate multiple clinical syndromes.

>> Article: Voluntary Activation of The Sympathetic Nervous System and Attenuation of the Innate Immune Response In Humans

Authors: M. Kox, P. Pickkers et al. - Radboud University Medical Center (published in PNAS) Summary: In this paper, the effects of the Wim Hof Method on the autonomic nervous system and innate immune response are evaluated. A group of twelve people was trained with the Wim Hof Method before undergoing an experiment to induce inflammation, normally resulting in flu-like symptoms. Compared to a control group who were not trained in the Wim Hof Method, the trained participants showed fewer flu-like symptoms, lower levels of proinflammatory mediators, and increased plasma epinephrine levels. In conclusion, the trained group was able to voluntarily activate their sympathetic nervous system.

>> Article: Controlled Hyperventilation After Training May Accelerate Altitude Acclimatization

Authors: G. Buijze, M.T. Hopman Summary: This report deals with the effects of the Wim Hof Method on acute mountain sickness (AMS). During an expedition to Mt. Kilimanjaro, a group of 26 trekkers who were trained in the Wim Hof Method used the breathing techniques to largely prevent and, if needed, reverse symptoms of AMS.

>> Article: Frequent Extreme Cold Exposure and Brown Fat and Cold-Induced Thermogenesis: A Study in a Monozygotic Twin

Authors: J. Vosselman, W.D. van Marken-Lichtenbeld - Maastricht University Medical Center Summary: This study tested the effects of a lifestyle with frequent exposure to extreme cold on brown adipose tissue (BAT) and cold-induced thermogenesis (CIT). The experiment compared Wim Hof, who is used to extreme cold exposure, to his monozygotic twin brother who isn’t. Both used a g-Tummo like breathing technique. The results showed no significant difference in BAT or CIT between the two subjects. However, Wim’s core temperature dropped less compared to his brother and his subjective response to the cold temperature was more positive. Furthermore, the body heat generated of both brothers was considerably higher than the average person. Thus, it seems that g-Tummo like breathing during cold exposure might cause additional heat production.

>> Letter: Blood tests during meditation and breathing exercises in New York led by Dr. K. Kamler & G. Stewart

Summary: During Wim’s world record attempt of full ice immersion wearing only shorts, he swallowed a vital sense monitor capsule to measure his core temperature. His core temperature started at 98.6 °F and dropped to 88 °F after 75 minutes of cold immersion. Remarkably, his temperature rose again to 94 °F within the next 20 minutes. Standard medical dogma states that once your core temperature falls below 90 °F, your body is not able to warm itself again. Thus, if no external source of heat is provided, your temperature will continue to spiral downward and you will eventually die of hypothermia. However, Wim proved he was able to raise his core temperature from 88 °F to 94 °F by using the Wim Hof Method techniques.